There are two forms of Phyllium bioculatum. One with a tapered abdomen, the other has the margins of the 8th abdominal segment lobed. The species is known to feed on the foliage of mango (Mangifera indica), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) and guava (Psidium guajava) (Seow-Choen, 2005: 108). The leaf insects in the present observation have tapered abdomens. Phyllium bioculatum is listed as vulnerable to national extinction in Singapore (Seow-Choen, 2008: 258)

Due to their effective camouflage, leaf insects are difficult to find even if they are not necessarily rare. The Gray’s leaf insect seems adaptable to life in forest edges and farmlands where its food plants are found. A pair was recently reported from the Venus Drive forest on Singapore Island (Chua et al., 2014)

In the Singapore Red Data Book, the grey heron is listed as ‘vulnerable’ and the great billed heron as ‘critically endangered’ (Lim et al., 2008). A common resident and probable migrant, the grey heron is believed to be commonest large heron in Singapore, while the great-billed heron is an uncommon resident there (Yong et al., 2016). Sin (2016) documented a great-billed heron perching on a tree at West Coast Park in 2015.

The green chromide has been recorded mainly in estaurine waters along the northern coasts and around the islands northwest of Singapore Island (Ng & Tan, 2010). The present observation shows that it is adaptable to marine conditions, and has colonised the southern shores. This non-native species can be expected to spread to the other islands in the Singapore Strait, given the presence of sheltered shallow waters. Although this has not been studied, it seems possible that the green chromide can potentially impact native fish species that have similar ecological requirements. The flicking of their blackish pelvic-fins by the adult fish seems to be a way of keeping the fry in close proximity (Ward & Samarakoon, 1981).

The green crested lizard is native to Singapore where it inhabits forest, scrubland, parks and rural areas (Baker & Lim, 2012). Its mating behavior is rarely seen and photographed

The green iguana is native to tropical America, and free-ranging examples in Singapore are most likely escaped or abandoned house pets that may have been illegally imported. This species is common in the pet trade, and many have been bred for this purpose on farms in Central American countries such as El Salvador and Costa Rica. Adult iguanas can grow to well over 1.5 m in total length and although they are vegetarians, large males in the breeding season can become aggressive and potentially dangerous (Bartlett, Griswold & Bartlett, 2001: 78-79)

The present record is further evidence that there is a feral population of the green iguana in Singapore at the Sungei Tengah area (Ng & Lim, 2015). These large herbivorous lizards, native to tropical Latin America, have been introduced by the pet trade to many places outside their natural range. Feral populations are known to be established in Florida (USA), Hawaii and the Canary Islands (Kraus, 2009: 256-258).

The greenhouse frog was first recorded in Singapore based on a single example found in a suburban housing estate at Sembawang in December 2015, but there was no evidence of an established population in that area (Groenewoud & Law, 2016). The present observation of many individuals including juveniles at a single site strongly suggests an established population in the area, and that this species should be inventoried as a component of Singapore’s amphibian fauna. The present records are part of a two-year survey Amphibian Diversity in Urban Parks by Friends of A Rocha in Singapore. An earlier observation made by Melissa Ong and Prarthini Selveindran at Clementi Woods Park on 30 July 2016 recorded 41 Asian toads (Duttaphrynus melanostictus), one four-lined tree frog (Polypedates leucomystax) and two field frogs (Fejervarya limnocharis). No greenhouse frog was noted then. Eleutherodactylus planirostris is native to Cuba and several islands in the Caribbean (Frost, 2017). Its small size and cryptic colour pattern enable the greenhouse frog to be transported undetected with plants and landscape material, and the live plant trade is believed to be responsible for the establishment of feral populations in the south-eastern United States, Hawai’i, Guam, the Philippines and Hong Kong (Beard et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2016; Frost, 2017).