The PANGLAO 2004 expedition in the central Visayas region of the Philippines revealed the occurrence of 43 species of diogenid hermit crabs of the genera Calcinus, Clibanarius, and Dardanus in the Philippines. Using morphological, colour pattern, and mitochondrial DNA evidence, the Dardanus lagopodes (Forskål, 1775) complex is revised with the validation of D. sanguinolentus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) and the addition of one new species, Dardanus balhibuon. Eight species represent new records for the Philippine Archipelago. For each reported species, a list of the total number of specimens collected during the expedition is presented, and the geographic range and habitat are discussed. Colour photographs are provided for most species. A checklist of all hermit crab species recorded from the Philippines is presented, and species of these three genera previously reported from the Philippines but not found during the PANGLAO 2004 expedition are discussed.

Opinions and declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

Opinions and declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

Seed dispersal away from the parent plant is paramount for angiosperms to reduce intraspecific competition, as well as predation and disease risks. The ability to disperse seeds over long distances can contribute to the colonisation of new habitats and places, which sometimes causes problems for humans. Species with such dispersal capabilities may consequently be considered invasive. Seed dispersal strategies can vary between and within species. Some species, such as the weedy Bidens pilosa (Asteracecae), exhibit heteromorphism in their fruits (achenes). Being dispersed by animals, the achenes vary in size, rugosity and number of barbs even within each infructescence, all of which can potentially influence adherence stability to the hair, fur and clothes of the dispersers. Studying these morphological traits thus allows us to examine if and how they might predict the dispersal capacity of the achenes. A total of 326 achenes from 56 Bidens pilosa infructescences were measured then subjected to a spring test to test for adherence. Two achene types—peripheral and central—are distinguishable by six measured traits, particularly the achene length and fruit width. We found that the adherence stability of achenes is affected by the number of barbs and barb lengths. Longer two-barbed achenes and shorter three-barbed achenes fully adhere better than shorter two-barbed achenes and longer three-barbed achenes, respectively. Longer barbs and slenderer fruits also contribute to better hanging of the achenes on the cloth surface. Our study demonstrates that achene traits are useful in predicting adherence stability and hence dispersal capacity.

Opinions and declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

Opinions and declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature