type requires unique enzymes and microorganisms that have co-evolved with each species, which in turn does

Opinions and declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

The featured carcass is an adult male based on the bluish-grey plumage with alternating black and white streaks on the head. Females are a cryptic brown without distinct colour pattern. In Singapore, the king quail is an uncommon resident, reported mainly from open grasslands in areas such as Lorong Halus, Punggol and along the Changi coast (Singapore Birds Project, 2016; Yong et al., 2016; as Excalfactoria chinensis)

The featured behaviour appears to show that the butterflyfish is adept at avoiding contact with the carpet anemones’ venomous tentacles. By staying as close as possible to carpet anemones, it is possible that the butterflyfish is using this proximity to the anemones to deter potential predators, which may hesitate to attack the butterflyfish to avoid getting stung by the anemones. However, this apparent association is nowhere as intimate as that practised by clownfishes (Amphiprion and Premnas spp.) and the kite butterflyfish may, at best, be considered a facultative symbiont as it is not dependent on sea anemones (see Fautin & Allen, 1997: 7; Allen et al., 1998: 182). Although some butterflyfishes are known to attack and eat sea anemones (see Fautin & Allen, 1997: 137), the kite butterflyfish in the featured observation were not observed picking at the tentacles.